Technology Is The Most Likely Possibility For A Utopia...

A technological utopia is arguably the most likely possibility for a utopia within the 21st century. With breakthroughs in science and medicine vastly increasing the life expectancy and quality of humans comes a new hope that humans will harness technology and become a greater race, with endless possibilities. Certainly, it looks likely to the generations whom have seen the internet’s creation and huge expansion within their very lifetimes. With apps like Shae, which can tell you exactly what to do based on your personal mental and physical needs , the ability to sit back and let technology do the thinking for you seems increasingly available. Indeed, many millennials seem to have developed a form of dependence on technology and an†¦show more content†¦Transhumanism is the ultimate freedom from the refines of the human body; a world where cancer, mental illness, and death could never touch anybody again. This is comparable to some descriptions of heaven, and an amazin g concept. However, when one begins to actually think about what a life where there is no illness or death actually entails, the utopia becomes distinctly dystopic. A combination of no disease, the ability to put off menopause and remain fertile for longer, and ‘sex more exquisitely erotic ’ would surely lead to chronic over-population within decades. Of course, over-population is already easy to envision as it is happening but this would be on a completely different scale altogether, with natural resources and nature itself being eroded for houses and other such facilities. Even Russia, with a current population density of 9 people per sq. km , would eventually become full, and even with technology which would allow residence in previously uninhabitable areas, the world is simply not big enough to contain an increasing population of potentially immortal humans. Artificial intelligence scientist Eder predicts that the ‘rise of artificial intelligence coincides wit h the asymptote of human population growth ’, and most

Analysis of Understanding Childhood Obesity - 809 Words

a) Overview of your chosen leaflet (15%) ( 101 ) â€Å"Understanding childhood Obesity† PIL, is introduced by the Obesity Action Coalition â€Å"OAC† (a national non-profitable organisation). It’s informative and meant to be used by parents and dieticians (.i.e.it is long â€Å"10 pages†, contains a lot of graphs). The Flesch reading score was 43.3 (fairly difficult to read) however, It‘s very useful in assessing the child’s body state. As a first step in the journey of treating an obese child, it’s somehow comprehensive. The ideas were threaded very well, it started by outlining the meaning of â€Å"childhood obesity†, causes, explained the assessing part and finally treatment. The overall discern rating was 000. b) Current areas where the PIL clearly uses psychological theory (25%) ( 213) (252) This PIL was plotted using the Trans-Theoretical Model theory â€Å"TTM† (!). All the theory’s elements except ‘’maintenance’’ were present. 1) Pre-contemplation: It assumed that the recipient is not aware of the problem, so it started by mentioning the prevalence (Childhood obesity affects more than 30%of children). And giving a simple definition of an obese child (body mass index for-age percentile is greater than 95%). 2) Contemplation: Then it assumed that readers are now acknowledged and interested enough to finish reading. It presents them the tool that will aid diagnosing obesity in children (e.g. graphs to measure BMI-for-age percentiles for both genders). With theShow MoreRelatedCritical Arguement Analysis Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Argument Analysis Destanie Garcia ENG/215CA October 10, 2011 Patricia Moody Critical Argument Analysis Childhood obesity is an ongoing epidemic in today’s society. This essay will focus on three different professional articles, which are related to childhood obesity. The three articles in this essay are â€Å"Fighting Childhood Obesity,† â€Å"Recognizing and Preventing Childhood Obesity,† and â€Å"Understanding and Acting on the Growing Childhood and Adolescent Weight Crisis: A Role for SocialRead MoreThe Rate Of Childhood Obesity1575 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The rate of childhood obesity is on the rise. The negative effect of obesity on a child has been documented by health care agencies repeatedly. And yet, effective treatment plan to control the increase in obesity has yet to be discovered. Research examining the causes and intervention of childhood obesity has circled around understanding the reason behind a child’s weight gain as well as the key shareholders that have influence. The key shareholders such as the child, the family, andRead MoreBackground and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care1003 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Process to Problems in Health Care Childhood Obesity HCS/465 August 2, 2012 Donald Steacy Introduction The purpose of the paper is to show how to develop and understand methodology of the research process when pertaining to health care. The process consists of retrieving a peer-reviewed article and applying the research methodology to the article selected. The article selected for the research methodology was Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis written by SameeraRead MoreReduced Energy Expenditure And Prevalence Obesity Rates Among Children928 Words   |  4 Pageshas contributed to prevalence obesity rates among children. Demographic and epidemiologic analysis alone do not account for the high rates in childhood obesity. These analysis help provide a clearer understanding of why obesity is a national epidemic. It is significant as public health officials to know that there are substantial racial differences in obesity among young kids and teenagers in the United States. Among Hispanics for instance, the incidence of obesity was higher in 2011-2012 at 22Read MoreEssay on Policy Priority Issue1648 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy Priority Issue: The Childhood Obesity Pandemic Marla C. Khalikov Chamberlain College of Nursing NR506 – 10999: Health Care Policy Winter 2014 Policy Priority Issue: The Childhood Obesity Pandemic Childhood obesity is a global pandemic requiring prioritization in policy and health care reform. It has many effects on acute and long term health, including increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. This paper addressesRead MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Obesity: An Epidemic In Our Nation.1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Childhood Obesity: An Epidemic in Our Nation Seema Patel A Capstone Proposal Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Healthcare Administration KAPLAN UNIVERSITY March 2017 The Effects of Childhood Obesity: An Epidemic in Our Nation Childhood obesity is a greatest public health concern in our nation because it has an immediate and long-term effect on morbidity and mortality later in life. Experts in this epidemic suggest that there isRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Epidemic That Is Sweeping Through America1127 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Childhood obesity is an epidemic that is sweeping through America. The key to understanding the threshold for the term obesity is to know the clinical definition. Obesity and overweight are two terms that are intermittently misused. Overweight is clinically defined as the excess body fat one has in terms to their height, muscle, bone, or in a combination of all factors (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity is simply the concept of having excess body fat (Childhood Obesity Facts). AdultRead MoreThe Examination of the Importance of Healthy Eating and Physical Activities in Raleigh, NC Schools844 Words   |  3 PagesBackground of Obesity Obesity has become a major public health issue. Healthy eating and daily physical activity play a significant role in preventing chronic diseases, such as a stroke, heart disease and cancer. These are the three leading causes of death among people under 18. The chronic disease risk factors are related to obesity. Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excess body fat has accrued to an extent that may be a negative effect on health. Obesity in childhood cannot be classifiedRead MoreThe Psychological And Physical Effects Of Obesity1325 Words   |  6 PagesName: Obesity To determine whether obesity is a kind of disease, we need to understand the psychological and physical effect of obesity. Based on our daily experience, I can find that the effect is obvious and significant. But we still need to do further research to find out the extent of these two kinds of effects. Based on the article Psychological aspects of childhood obesity: a controlled study in a clinical and nonclinical sample written by Caroline Braet, Ivan Mervielde and Walter VandereyckenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Epidemic876 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity Childhood obesity is more than a major issue in the United States: it is an epidemic. The number of overweight and obese children in America has increased at an alarming rate over the past years. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years [1]. American Heart Association stated, â€Å"Today one in three American kids and teens are overweight or obese; nearly triple the

Psychological Testing Free Essays

Psychological testing – is a field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to assess psychological construct(s), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual. The technical term for the science behind psychological testing is psychometrics. By samples of behavior, one means observations of an individual performing tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand, which often means scores on a test. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Testing or any similar topic only for you Order Now These responses are often compiled into statistical tables that allow the evaluator to compare the behavior of the individual being tested to the responses of a norm group. 2 Angry Men Manuel Paniagua Correa 12 Angry Men The communication process depicted on the movie was certainly effective. The 12 jurors’ decision involved the life of a young man. Even when the communication barriers sometimes froze the process of communication, the persistence of one of the jurors, juror 8, was key in keeping the men involved in the decision process. Juror 8 was unlike the other jurors, he had the ability to keep the men engaged in the discussion that lead to the conclusion of the movie. Even though it was not easy, the main objective of providing a fair and unanimous decision was accomplished at the end of the film. During the jury decision process, communication barriers were present. All of the members that were involved in the jury had different backgrounds and culture. Many of the juries expressed anger, frustration and stubbornness regarding their respective positions. These jurors frequently interrupted one another and proved to be very disrespectful within the group. Communication barriers where present when they did not pay attention to each other. These barriers were evident when the jurors were centered only on their personal opinions and not willing to listen to their peers. Formal communication started when juror number 8 stated his disagreement and concern for the boy’s future. When juror #8 started expressing he’s uncertainty with the boy being guilty, he encouraged the other jurors or team members to critically think before passing judgment. The movie offered many instances where non-verbal communication expressed the group’s dissatisfaction with the current discussion. At certain times, during the process, the jurors coughed implying disapproval. They often times played simulated board games in order to keep themselves occupied while a team member speaking. Facial gestures was also evident, this expressed the member’s frustration and disapproval of the information that was being communicated. There were communication.. How to cite Psychological Testing, Papers

Heart Of Darkness Essay Research Paper Emma free essay sample

Heart Of Darkness Essay, Research Paper Emma Lothian Heart of Darkness- Long Essay What all novels have in common is narrative construction. This essay will discourse the relationship between narrative construction, thematic concerns and employment of imagination in Heart of Darkness. With the aid of textual mentions, this essay will show why Joseph Conrad enlists specific textual characteristics to make the foundations of his fable, upon which he constructs the remainder of the secret plan. Through thorough scrutiny of the stylistic conventions he employs, this essay will picture the intent Joseph Conrad intended the narrative to convey through its construction and the mechanisms he employed to present it. In traditional English literature, narrative construction was considered one of the most conventional mechanisms for narrative relation. Stereotypically this format was employed to tell the capable affair of a historical, romantic or ancient heroic poem. Particular thematic elements of Heart of Darkness can be foregrounded to back up this reading of the technique: For illustration, Kurtz # 8217 ; s love for the intended and Marlow # 8217 ; s epic journey of self-discovery. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Of Darkness Essay Research Paper Emma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though the book contains these basic subjects, Conrad allows the thematic concerns to stray, researching a broader spectrum of lingual remembrance. Free from the conventions of traditional literature, Conrad is able to compose retrospectively without limitation ; developing a text that can be considered groundbreaking for its clip. Because of the experimental nature of Heart of Darkness it has been said by many critics that Joseph Conrad set precedency for the criterions, against which the modern perceptual experiences and outlooks of narrative construction have been developed and conceived. In modern times, the methodical device of narrative construction is frequently appropriated to inventive literature, for the primary aim of stating a narrative. It assists the author in conveying the chief subjects of the secret plan by supplying the important link between the reader and the writer. In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad employs narrative construction for the intended intent of making specific affects for the reader. He utilizes the technique for the look of a complex fictional web of thematic concerns, depicted in Heart of Darkness. One possible ground that Joseph Conrad has selected narrative manner, as the agencies for informing the reader of peculiar issues through his narrative, can be correlated with the reader engagement it creates. By using this technique, Conrad is prosecuting a psychotherapeutic response from his audience. He does non merely want to pull the reader # 8217 ; s attending, but he besides wants to excite his reader emotionally. He employs narrative construction in Heart of Darkness to let the reader to detect the thematic content through the eyes of his characters. By this, it is meant that Conrad constructs his characters in such a mode so as to arouse emotional catharsis in the text ; coercing readers to place with, or reject single values, attitudes and beliefs withheld by different characters. Through the link established between the reader and Heart of Darkness, Conrad is able to work the narrative model with the purpose of showing the thematic concerns of the secret plan. He manipulates the chosen narrative construction, to pass on the dense capable affair of the book. He achieves this by using a assortment of proficient conventions and a huge web of meshing imagination. The complexness of the imagination and the deepness of intending it creates is what sets Heart of Darkness aside from other novels. It is without a uncertainty an rational chef-doeuvre because of the articulate manner in which the images come together to specify the thematic concerns. Heart of Darkness adopts the thematic concern of self-discovery through the images presented to the reader. The heroic poem journey under taken by Marlow as he travels through the Congo operates allegorically within the narrative, to inform the reader that the fortunes Marlow must confront run far deeper than a physical challenge. The imagination directives that indicate such deepnesss of significance are incorporated as supernatural intensions, like that of # 8220 ; greedy apparitions # 8221 ; ( page 98 ) . The building of the phantom image connotes a mystical shade like phantom. Such an image indicates that Marlow # 8217 ; s world is non confined merely to tangible presence # 8217 ; s but is besides unfastened to suggestion of alternate, perchance supernatural phenomenon. This recognition of spiritualty within Marlow deepens bing images of his self-awareness. Joseph Conrad farther reinforces the political orientation of supernatural consciousness in Heart of Darkness by juggling the narrative construction to convey intensions through binary resistances. For illustration, many mentions are juxtaposed to compare dark with light. Often these words are replaced with similar descriptions, climaxing a similar consequence, for illustration visible radiation may be replaced by words like radiance, peace, and white, where dark is replaced by black, dull, and force. These images can be read as allusions to the spiritual comparing of Eden and snake pit, or with religious apprehensions of the construct of freedom and entrapment. The apposition of these binary resistances are made to confirm the thematic image of incongruousness and struggle in the text. Heart of Darkness besides employs the advanced technique of bordering to split the narrative construction into beds of consciousness, where thematic concerns can be embedded. The division of such a polysemus text into different degrees of narrative and perceptual experience extends the text by giving it a 3-dimensional concept. This is to state that there is more than one character or presence presenting the thematic concerns of the narrative. For this ground the reader is allowed the privilege of detecting the secret plan from a distance where they can dig between the textual beds. The outer most narrative frame is the chosen construction for the text but in concurrence with this frame other frames operate within the text to present the narrative. The primary storyteller is the first frame within the narrative frame. The primary storyteller speaks in first individual to inform the reader about Marlow and his actions. He introduces some of the thematic concerns, for illustration Marlow # 8217 ; s inclination to be untypical of his chosen way in life. This is demonstrated when the storyteller tells the reader: But Marlow was non typical ( if his leaning to whirl yarns be excepted ) , and to him the significance of an episode is non inside like a meat but outside, enfolding the narrative which brought it out merely as a glow brings out a haze, in the likelihood of one of these brumous aura that sometimes are made seeable by the spectral light of moonlight. ( Page 8 ) This illustration demonstrates the primary storyteller # 8217 ; s place within the narration, which is to be the first point of contact between the reader and the text. Within the frame of the primary storyteller the supporter Marlow, is objectified as yet another frame. For this ground, any point made by Marlow is conveyed through a blend of 2nd and 3rd individual narrative. Marlow neer speaks straight with the reader, he does nevertheless, speak straight with the storyteller by using 2nd and 3rd individual speech conventions. In 2nd individual manner Marlows direct voice in the # 8220 ; you # 8221 ; signifier instructs the primary storyteller of what he should believe, see, hear or experience. For illustration, # 8220 ; You should hold seen the pilgrims stare! # 8221 ; ( page 62 ) . In 3rd individual manner nevertheless, with the application of limited omniscience he provides retrospective penetration to the reader about anterior events. For illustration ; # 8220 ; There had been a batch of such putrefactions let free in print and in talk merely about that clip. # 8221 ; ( page18 ) . Conrad # 8217 ; s application of the framing convention enhances the images that create the thematic concerns of Heart of Darkness by associating different voices of experience together to intensify the significance of the text. The procedure of bordering deepens the significance carried within the text by leting readers to hold fuller apprehension of what is being said. This means that the reader is distant plenty from the characters to be nonsubjective and critical of the Thursday ematic concerns they represent ; whilst still being close plenty to stay to the full informed of who they are and what they believe in. This may be to such a grade that the reader can perchance even place with them, or reject their thoughts wholly. The different voices within frames are utile for pass oning different thematic concerns because they invite discrepancy in the bringing of the narrative itself. They reconstruct the world of the concerns being addressed by giving different character # 8217 ; s or presence # 8217 ; s positions of scenes and prosecuting the reader. The reader may merely be able to entree specific inside informations through thorough examination of the web of frames. One of the grounds for this is because of the complexness created by the different textual beds in the narrative. The beds within the text are responsible for the execution of a conventional technique officially known as delayed decryption. Heart of Darkness expresses its web of significances through the advanced proficient convention of delayed decryption. This is to state that the realization of what is really being conveyed is non perceived instantly. In other words, there is frequently a spread between the point of purpose or narrative ( when the information is delivered ) , to the point of comprehension ( when its full significance is understood ) . This can be as a consequence of acquiring 2nd manus information ; retrieving that that Marlow speaks within the framing voice of the primary storyteller, who addresses the reader straight. This means that what Marlow thinks is delayed before it is communicated to the primary storyteller, so delayed once more before it reaches the audience. Conrad employs delayed decrypting to decelerate down the reader # 8217 ; s response of imagination. He utilizes the convention to relieve the possible jobs that may be created through pelting the reader with information. This is to state he engages frames to filtrate unneeded inside informations from the text and concentrate the reader # 8217 ; s attending on the most of import facets of what is being said. Often the reader will subconsciously admit this filtering system by ranking the voices of the characters harmonizing to whose voice they deem to be more of import to the thematic accomplishments of the text. This procedure of selectively prioritising is non an uncommon reading pattern. In the instance of Heart of Darkness it is likely that the reader will prioritise the greatest part of their attending to what is being conveyed by Marlow, being that he is the supporter. Another affect of delayed decryption is that minor inside informations can in secret keep back their full significance until latter phases in the book. These minor inside informations are frequently employed by the author to sharpen the impact of thematic concerns when their relevancy is uncovered. Often little inside informations hide their significance at first as a consequence, of being unrelated to the fortunes straight environing them, but when they are linked to the overall subjects of the text they complete the missing constituents pertinent to specific images. The building of imagination can be accomplished through many different techniques. Once the reader # 8217 ; s attending has been engaged and the secret plan begins unfold different images are put to the reader, from which they must pull their ain decisions. The procedure of unfolding images is guided by peculiar conventions or mechanisms implanted in the narrative by the author. These conventions include things such as simile, metaphorical look, defamiliarisation and atomization. They are frequently employed subconsciously by the author, as a tool for making specific affects or showing emotion, depending on the coveted accomplishment of the narrative. When a author, such as Conrad, wants to associate subjects of world to his novel he may happen it utile to use simile to the construction of his narrative. Teodor josef konrad korzeniowski does in fact employ this affect often. For illustration: A beardless, boylike face, really just, no characteristics, nose desquamation, small bluish eyes, smilings and frown chasing each other over that unfastened visage like sunlight and shadow on a wind-swept field. ( Page 76 ) This illustration demonstrates how, in the description of a life like image Conrad is able to convey the image closer to the reader by touching to a vision that the reader can easy construe and conceive of. Merely as simile creates world through a likening experience, symbolism can be employed to stand for a portion of an image that can be expanded to imply its full significance. Symbols are utilised to mention to facets that are closely related to each other. For illustration, the symbol of a teapot may be employed to imply drinks, afternoon tea and refreshments. In Heart of Darkness the symbols presented to the reader by Conrad are frequently less obvious but, however affectional. For illustration: # 8221 ; The harlequin on the bank turned his small short-nosed up at me. # 8221 ; ( page 76 ) The symbol of the harlequin is a amusing buffoon like image that can imply jeer, amusement and celebration. The usage of such a symbol in this context is to do the reader aware that the individual on the bank ( metaphorically referred to as a harlequin ) was non a serious or baleful presence. Heart of Darkness consists of many different metaphorical looks like the # 8220 ; harlequin # 8221 ; . They are employed to help the building of one image to stand for another unlike itself. In Heart of Darkness the lingual device of metaphor is frequently employed to defamiliarise different objects. This is frequently a construct that Conrad utilizes to cut down objects back to their crude history or connote ignorance of the patterned advance that has occurred over clip. One illustration of where Conrad employs metaphorical defamiliarization for the intent of advancing one of the thematically concerns of Heart of Darkness ; ignorance, occurs when Marrlow and his crew are attacked from their soft-shell clam: Then I had a expression at the river mighty quick, because there was a snag in the fairway. Sticks, small sticks, were winging about- midsts: they were whirring before my olfactory organ, dropping below me, striking behind me against my pilot- house. By using the metaphor of sticks to stand for the tribal arrows Conrad shows how the Imperialists were nescient of the African Tribal civilization. He has the affect of foregrounding the complete denial of the Imperialists to admit a civilization that was other to theirs. This is another major thematic concern within the text. Equally good as the employment of literature devices to show different images of narrative concern, it is possible for the writer of a book to exclude inside informations for the intent of developing subjects. This skip of item signifiers textual fragments through the building of spreads and silences. This is to state that the white infinite of paper in a tex can besides be read with a significance of its ain. It besides means that non all of the images must run together fluently, frequently it is more affectional when a point is made by stating nil at all. The textual fragments in Heart of Darkness play a big portion in doing the text abstract. Some critics believe that Conrad has been # 8220 ; Insufficiently specific about impossible ceremonials and unidentified lecherousnesss to which Kurtz has abandoned himself # 8221 ; . This is in maintaining with the textual fragments of the narrative because it shows how the deficiency of item impacts upon the reader. This is to state that through the spreads and silences he # 8217 ; s created in the text, Conrad has made the critics # 8217 ; occupation of decoding the significance of his words much more complex. Alternatively of merely being given direct indications the critics have been challenged to intercede through the fragments and entree experiences available to them, to bridge the spreads. This essay has acknowledged that, what all novels have in common is narrative. It has employed intertextual mentions, from Joseph Conrad # 8217 ; s Heart of Darkness, to show the complex relationships that exist between the writer # 8217 ; s look of thematic concerns and the imagination they articulate for the intent of making peculiar affects. It has focussed on the conventions of literature that are developed to contrive images with the best possible chance of giving a coveted affect sought by the author.

Damage of Beet Cell Membranes Caused by Different Temperatures Resulting in Betacyanin Leakage Essay Example

Damage of Beet Cell Membranes Caused by Different Temperatures Resulting in Betacyanin Leakage Essay Damage of Beet Cell Membranes Caused by Different Temperatures Resulting in Betacyanin Leakage By: Trevor Sandum, Lab 2, March 9, 2013 Introduction: A red pigment called Betacyanin located in the vacuole of the beet cells is released when the membrane is damaged (Danyk, 2013). The membrane is necessary for sustainability of the cell’s life, it separates the cell from the outside environment, and is responsible for diffusion, exocytosis and endocytosis, and transport. It can be damaged by stress such as changes in the phospholipid bilayer (Reece et al, 2011). Changes to the hydrophilic bilayer causes breakdown of the components of the cell membrane, phosphate and glycerol. Determining the Betacyanin leakage will illustrate the damage caused to the membrane. The beet cells are being exposed to different temperatures and their Betacyanin concentrations are being analysed. This test is being done to see if extreme high and low temperatures cause more damage to the cell membrane than moderate temperatures. Methods: Preparation of Beet Cells: A cork borer was used to remove five beet cylinders, and they were cut to fifteen millimeter length. They were then rinsed in cool water to remove the Betacyanin from damaged cells that were damaged when the cylinders were made (Danyk, 2013). Applying Stress to the Membrane: Five test tubes were used. Two tubes contained beet samples and were placed in the freezer (-5Â °C) and in a refrigerator (5Â °C) for 15 minutes. The third beet sample was placed in a cup of 70Â ° C water for 3 minutes. We will write a custom essay sample on Damage of Beet Cell Membranes Caused by Different Temperatures Resulting in Betacyanin Leakage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Damage of Beet Cell Membranes Caused by Different Temperatures Resulting in Betacyanin Leakage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Damage of Beet Cell Membranes Caused by Different Temperatures Resulting in Betacyanin Leakage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fourth beet was placed in 40Â ° C water for 3 minutes. A fifth beet was placed in 25Â ° C water for 3 minutes. After the beets have been placed in their temperature environments for the desired time, they were placed in the appropriate test tubes filled with 6 milliliters of distilled water at room temperature for 15 minutes. The beets were then removed from the test tubes. Evaluation of Membrane Stress: The test tubes were arranged from lightest to darkest and analyzed using a spectrophotometer. The absorbency was prepared and set at 460 nm. The absorbency was measured and is a direct measure of the Betacyanin concentration and membrane damage. The Betacyanin concentration was calculated by dividing the absorbency reading by 0. 0084 to get the concentration in micrometers (Danyk, 2013). Results: The data showed a trend that temperature in extreme values increases the Betacyanin concentration. The beet cells exposed to the -5Â °C and 70Â °C temperatures show the greatest amounts of Betacyanin leakage, compared to the other temperatures (5Â °C, 25Â °C, 45Â °C) (Refer to Attachment 1: Figure 1). Discussion: High and low temperatures and damage and destroy a cell membrane. The results show this expectation because the beet cells released more Betacyanin at high and low temperatures which suggests more damage to the cells. Our results illustrate the integrity of a membrane is important for the proper function of the cell. Damage was caused at high and low temperatures but very little was caused at the intermediate temperatures. At hot temperatures the proteins denature and molecules in the cell move faster. At cold temperatures the water freezes, expands, and ruptures the membrane. A mean concentration was calculated from the class, using 5 individual tests. Literature Cited: Danyk, H. 2013. Biology 1010: The Cellular Basis of Life Laboratory Manual. University of Lethbridge. Reece, J. B. L. A. Urry, M. L. Cain, S. A. Wasserman, P. V. Minorsky and R. B. Jackson. 2011. Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition. Person Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA.

Barriers to Entry and Various Risks That Must Be Considered by Foreign Retail Companies Seeking to Conduct Business in China Essays

Barriers to Entry and Various Risks That Must Be Considered by Foreign Retail Companies Seeking to Conduct Business in China Essays Barriers to Entry and Various Risks That Must Be Considered by Foreign Retail Companies Seeking to Conduct Business in China Essay Barriers to Entry and Various Risks That Must Be Considered by Foreign Retail Companies Seeking to Conduct Business in China Essay Barriers to entry and various risks that must be considered by foreign retail companies seeking to conduct business in China By Aizhan Yermekbayeva Let China sleep, for when she awakes, she will shake the world (Napoleon Bonaparte) Most politicians, businessmen and academics would agree with the quote above. It is becoming more and more evident that â€Å"China is now slowly waking up†. And a market of over 1. 5 bn potential consumers is perceived by most multinational enterprises (MNCs) as an opportunity hard to miss. Businessmen and even renowned academics make various recommendations on approaching Chinese market. This article will provide a critical analysis on how to develop businesses in China successfully and sustain stable profitability. The main focus will be drawn on entering and operating business in the retail industry as the industry is attracting the growing number of foreign investors despite the fact of having unresolved issues with the supply chain management, â€Å"bureaucratic red tape† and most importantly fierce competition. China could be divided into two main parts when it involves setting up a business: Hong Kong and mainland China. Hong Kong, which was a British colony until it was reunited with mainland China in 1997, is considered to be one of the most liberal markets with low level of governmental interference. However this article’s primary focus is on the mainland China, given its current political and economic importance. Merely thirty years after the reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s, China has become the world’s fastest growing economy. Some predicted that by 2015 China will surpass Japan and will become the world’s second largest economy (Hall, 2009). But it happened five years earlier. It has been expected that by 2010 its retail industry will be worthy of $596 bn. China’s vast natural resources and cheap labour are substantially appealing to foreign investors. â€Å"No future is brighter than China†, states Coca-Cola’s chairman and CEO Muhtar Kent (Einhorn, 2009). As thought provoking as it may be Lehman Brothers in China still went bankrupt in 2009 and Marks Spencer, despite having more than sufficient financial resources, failed to succeed. According to a statement made by the executive chairman of MS Sir Stuart Rose, â€Å"basic shop keeping mistakes† (wrong clothing sizes) and issues in the supply chain were the main reasons why their market entry strategy did not succeed in China. However, there are still barriers to entry and various risks that must be considered by companies seeking to conduct business in China. The government in mainland China regulates the market, sets the controlling legislation and rules for foreign direct investments (FDIs) and competition . After China’s admittance to the WTO most of the regulatory barriers to Chinese market have been eliminated. China’s current economic environment offers a great opportunity for businesses. Although China has been undergoing fast economic reforms these are not necessarily followed in tandem by political reforms. As such, most MNCs mistake is that they approach China in the same manner and with the same strategy as they would any other country. Conversely those businesses that have succeeded in China have used a strategy of â€Å"understanding local ways†. It is vital not to underestimate the power of guanxi. Therefore foreign managers are strongly advised to understand this cultural phenomenon before attempting to start a business in China. Guanxi is â€Å"a complicated system of favour banking† which is practiced within a certain group. The importance of guanxi is often emphasised by a Chinese saying that without guanxi a person gets â€Å"half the result with twice the effort†. However, the main risk of guanxi is that it requires a high level of trust between parties involved in favour exchange – where someone’s word is his bond as opposed to an actual agreement. Strong guanxi networks would make the challenges of conquering Chinese retail market, such as setting up an efficient supply system less complicated. However there are additional threats and limitations that might affect foreign businesses, particularly retailers. Especially, taking into consideration a significant role that local government plays in the Chinese market. The growing concern for retailers is that the Chinese government is discussing adopting protectionist regulations in the retail industry. New regulations are showing signs already as the local government has selected a group of local retailers and is giving them financial support. It is the first stage of formation of the â€Å"national champions† local retail companies which are expected to become the leaders of the retail industry. There are many reason why the Chinese government is compelled to undertake these actions such as the retail industry is expanding at a fast rate and from the local population’s perspective the key industry players that benefit from it the most are foreign companies. This viewpoint pressurises the government to protect the local retail chains, which are not able to compete against international retail giants because of the insufficient financial resources. Therefore these regulations are expected to favour domestic retailers in allocation of strategic locations and have been highly welcomed by national retailers. Under these circumstances it is of utmost importance for foreign retailers to re-assess their future strategies. As it was mentioned before the Chinese retail industry is highly competitive which emphasises the importance of the visibility of hypermarkets. Another challenge of maintaining competitiveness lies in increasing prices of land and rented premises as foreign retailers are focused on operating hypermarkets in strategic and urban areas that raise operating costs. Moreover foreign retailers are already being pressurised into price wars as local retailers, mostly family-owned stores, offer very low prices which appeals to Chinese price-conscious customers. Furthermore with variety of retailers offering similar goods and services the local customers’ demands have shifted. The times when foreign companies could sell their ut-of-date products are long gone. Currently foreign retail companies are expected to provide high quality products and it makes it even more challenging to offer competitive prices at the same time. Initially foreign retail chains could differentiate themselves from locals with new technologies, innovative practices in marketing and by offering consumer friendly return policies. As â€Å"understanding the needs and motivations of Chinese consumers is the name of the game†. However they have soon lost this advantage as domestic competitors were fast to copy and employ them. Additionally local retail chains’ scope is smaller which makes it easier for them to set up an effective supply chain. While for retailers like Tesco, Carrefour and Wal-Mart it is difficult to keep supply chain centralised. Fragmented nature of Chinese retail market and geographically vast area impose more challenges. Moreover the local governments of different areas have customs duties which also increase the prices of suppliers. For example each of Tesco’s stores has to work with 1000 suppliers. Furthermore it is difficult for global retailers to overcome â€Å"the liability of foreignness†. It makes them vulnerable to changes in global political arena and politics between countries. In 2008 Carrefour suffered significant financial losses because Chinese customers decided to boycott all French retailers in protest to the pro-Tibet political standing of the President of France, shortly after riots in Tibet. Therefore political risks have to be taken into consideration. It is evident from the above mentioned that Western businesses coming to China should not make false assumptions based on the rapid development of infrastructure that the Chinese market and especially the retail industry function the same way. Therefore the significance of doing proper â€Å"homework† before approaching foreign markets, especially China, cannot be overemphasised. The differences outlined above should be considered to avoid future disappointments and subsequent failures in entry strategy. Companies that rushed into conquering the Chinese market without sufficient information failed to succeed encountering the Chinese bureaucracy and unreliable business partners. There are several conditions in order to create successful joint ventures in China: Finding a reliable partner, which is best achieved through connections attained with guanxi. Chinese business partners bring local knowledge and the experience in conducting business in the Chinese market which may be useful for cost cutting. Nevertheless when choosing a partner or business allies, financial strength and mutual interests should be taken into account. Foreign companies should seek for a financially reliable partner. Strategic location. Interaction with local governments is crucial for obtaining a desirable location Monitoring changes in accounting, taxation and other legislative modifications Human resources management (HRM). Low labour costs are one of the major incentives for foreign companies to come to China. The general manager of JV companies noted that there are three key elements to succeeding in China: â€Å"people, people, and people† (Epser 1991:24-30). Although success depends on the quality of personnel management. Relations with trade unions (TUs) may come as challenge as the way they function in China is different from Western countries. Interestingly it is noted that TUs are usually focused more on protecting the interests of the Party than that of employees. Other precautions include: avoidance of recruiting from only one source as in some cases new recruits may have similar negative qualities; While high quality employees may require patience and flexible attitude to find; Avoid employing a large workforce as local authorities might pressurise to hire more; Experienced native management personnel is essential for managing bureaucratic procedures; New employees should be trained, their skills and work ethics developed to coincide with main interests of the company Supply chain management is without a doubt of significant importance in decreasing costs and developing business. However this is one of the areas that have not been researched thoroughly. Summarising all criteria above, locating a Chinese partner with high level of reliability and with a nationally successful business is of utmost importance when establishing a joint venture. Guanxi is as well important in finding a strategic location and employing a suitable workforce. Nevertheless there is a scarcity in detailed information on supply chain management which is arguably one the most significant areas in cost cutting strategy. El Kahal identifies the main challenges of developing businesses in Asia Pacific, and as the author says â€Å"anyone who looks to Asia has to look at China†. Therefore challenges found the most relevant to conducting business in China and suggested (potential) solutions are presented in Table – 3. Table – 3. Challenges |Implications |Solutions | |Obtaining information on market competition |It is difficult for foreign managers |â€Å"hands-on experience†, the manager has to | |and the external factors affecting business |to assess the market, potential |have an extensive knowledge of the | |operations |rivals and find suitable partners |operating environment to reduce reliance on| | | |detailed data analysis. Establishing sound | | | |personal ties and networking is used by | | | |most local senior managers as an | | | |alternative to documented data and is | | | |essential for verification of information | | | |reliability received from various external | | | |sources. |â€Å"Bureaucratic red tape† |Might affect the pace of projects and|Weigh diligently possibilities of | | |business operations |regulatory and legislative obstacles and | | | |utilise the knowledge of the local managers| | | |through building a personal network | |Political aspects and internal issues of the|May lead to termination of business |It is highly encouraged to do thorough | |country like bribery |and even more severe consequences; |research before starting a business. | |make a significant damage to | | | |company’s reputation | | Overall China offers opportunities to prosper however challenges and obstacles should be taken into careful consideration. Foreign businesses should do their ‘home work’ to meet or avoid them. This article attempted to provide various advice and recommendations on the subject, however every company adopts a different approach based on the internal and external environments. Despite foreign retailers’ high expectation about future prospects of the Chinese retail industry, the economic crisis has affected China as well. Bain Co predict that in the next four years there will be a decreasing trend in the number of hypermarkets in China. According to Financial Times there is an over-saturation of hypermarkets in some urban areas such as Shanghai were there are already approximately 120-130 hypermarkets. This tendency causes an increase in rental costs, fierce competition forces rivals to cut prices and these factors combined with the country’s present infrastructure issues creates an uncertain future for foreign retailers. However, some global retail giants like Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Tesco see the economic downturn as an opportunity to get ahead of competition. Interestingly the Chinese character for ‘risk’ has two symbols: â€Å"danger† and â€Å"opportunity†. Investing abroad is a risk, but it is also an opportunity and with the right and timely information organisations can form a unique strategy of succeeding in China. References Chen, C. C. and Chen X. P. (2009) Negative externalities of close guanxo within organizations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 26. pp. 37-53 Chen, M, (2004) Asian Management Systems. 2nd ed. London: Thomson Learning. p5. , 241, 242 Chow, I. , Holbert, N. , Kelley, L. , Yu, J. (2004) Business Strategy: An Asia-Pacific Focus. 2nd ed. Singapore: Pearson Education South-Asia. El Kahal, S. 2001) Business in Asia Pacific. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 63, 70, 562 Epser, P. (1991) cited in Chen, M, (2004) Asian Management Systems. 2nd ed. London: Thomson Learning. p. 241 Fels, A. (2009) The regulation of retailing – lessons for developing countries. Asia Pacific Busine ss Review. 15(1). Pp. 13-27. Gamble, J. (2009) Demanding customers in the Chinese context. Asia Pacific Business Review. 15(1). pp 93-105 Peng, M. (2009) Global Strategic Management. 2nd ed. Canada: South Western Cengage Learning. p. 16; 156 Wang, S. (2009) Foreign Retailers in post-WTO China: stories of success and setbacks. Asia Pacific Business Review. 5(1). pp59-77 Wal-Mart, Tesco, Carrefour do battle in the East. (2008) Strategic Direction. 24(2). pp5-7. Hall, J (2009) Every little helps for Tesco in ChinaSupermarket makes steady inroads. Daily Telegraph. [online] Available from: http://find. galegroup. com/gtx/infomark. do? contentSet=IAC- Kent, M (2009) cited in Einhorn, B (2009) Coke Committed to China Expansion. Business Week. [online] Available from: businessweek. com/globaliz/content/jun2009/gb20090623_410186. htm Rigby, E (2008) Tesco in new drive on China. Financial Times. [online] Available from: ft. com. /cns/s/0/a89db8f6-89b2-11db-ae27-0000779e2340. html

European Sovereign-debt Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Sovereign-debt Crisis - Research Paper Example Attempts by international monetary fund (IMF) to avail 750 billion Euros to financially support countries with high debt situation did not mitigate the situation. The paper will, therefore, explore on the causes and evolution of the debt crisis, its impact on the US market, and some interventions undertaken by the US to mitigate the impact. Causes of the Crisis Many factors can be attributed to the crisis that has seen the credit ratings of countries decline and caused shock in the global financial markets. The European Union has been accused of failing to take timely actions and of lingering until the situation ran out of hand. The crisis resulted from a mixture of several complex factors like the globalization of finance, international imbalances in trade, housing bubbles, ease credit conditions between 2002 and 2008 that resulted into high risk lending, and the slow economic growth in the year 2008 (Frangakis, 2006). The factors are elaborated below. a) Increased debt level EU mem bers signed a Maastricht treaty in 1992 where members promised to limit their deficit spending and debt amounts. However, the member countries like Greece and Italy failed to adhere to the agreements of the treaty and instead used complex currency and credit derivatives to increase their debt levels. From the data, the debt levels rose because of the large bailout given to financial sector in the late 2000s and the 2008 economic recession. In 2007, the percentage of fiscal deficit was 0.6 before it rose to 7% during the crisis (Frangakis, 2006). The government debt simultaneously rose to 84% from 66% of the GDP. The crisis can thus be attributed to the inappropriate fiscal policy choices and the actions by the governments to bail out troubled banks. The variations in how different countries used borrowed funds resulted in different effects. Ireland banks, for example, increased their lending to property developers, which later led to the housing bubble. Greece, on the other hand, in creased its pledge to the government workers of salary increment and pension rise. These actions increased the government level of debt, which later made it difficult for the states to meet their obligations as they became due. b) Trade imbalances The crisis grew because of the increasing trade imbalances. An increase in the amounts of trade deficits increases the levels of debt hence increasing the debt crisis. Before the commencement of the debt crisis, the trade deficit of Italy, France, and Greece increased, while that of Germany recorded trade surplus. However, Greece position has improved because of the decline in the imports and increment for exports. c) Loss of confidence Immediately after the crisis developed, it became clear that the bonds of weaker economies like Greece were risky. Because of this loss of confidence, sovereign CDS prices rose to match the market expectation of the increased debt. Investors also doubted the ability of the countries to contain the crisis be cause EU countries have few monetary policy choices. d) Monetary Policy Inflexibility Monetary policy inflexibility of all member states of EU established a common monetary policy and used one currency. Countries were, therefore, unable to print money in order to devalue their currency to stimulate exports and reduce the debt level through trade surpluses. Greece and other member states, therefore, lacked

Tuberculosis infection rates as a global and local public health issue Essay

Tuberculosis infection rates as a global and local public health issue - Essay Example To achieve this end, the partnership has undertaken a multi-faceted approach. The main mission objectives are to stop the spread of TB, to lessen the social and economical cost of TB, and to develop and implement new methods and ways to diagnose, prevent and treat TB. The partnership targets to reduce the occurrence and death rate of TB by 50% by the year 2015 relative to 1990 estimates. Another target is to have the world free from TB by the year 2050 (Actions for Life: Towards a world free of tuberculosis, 2006). To achieve this dream, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop TB in the year 2006. The proper implementation is expected to save about 14 million lives, provide treatment for 50 million people, and offer better access to diagnosis and treatment for everyone. The Plan identifies the challenges in achieving this target and has developed seven working groups to address the challenges directly. The TB facts As per World Health Organisation reports, one-third o f the world’s population is currently infected with TB bacillus bacteria. According to reports, the number of people who died from TB in the year 2009 is 1.7 million. In addition, as Sharma and Mohan (2004) state, the estimates are that between 2002 and 2020, the number of newly infected people will be about 1,000 million and the number of tuberculosis deaths will be 36 million. As Ewbank and Gribble (1993), and National Research Council (US) Working Group on the Effects of Child Survival and General Health Programs on Morality observe, tuberculosis may be responsible for more deaths than any other single pathogen. In addition, it is found that one-six of the tuberculosis infections happen in people who are infected with HIV (ibid). The WHO aims The World Health Organisation report ‘Global Tuberculosis Control (2010)’ identifies its major targets to reach its goal of 50% reduction of disease by 2015. The targets are diagnosis, notification and treatment of approx imately 7 million cases, a 90% success rate in treatment, 100% detection of HIV in TB patients, providing co-trimoxazole preventive therapy to HIV positive TB patients, testing all previously treated TB patients for MDRTB, those who are identified with MDRTB are provided new treatment according to international guidelines, and to spend US$ 7 billion per year for the purpose, and an additional US$ 1.3 billion on research and development (ibid). Challenges ahead Murray (2006), in American Medical Association, writes about the challenges of tuberculosis control in the present world. The problems identified are divided into five key areas: inefficient diagnostics and treatment, the need for expansion of the World Health Organisation Directly Observed Therapy, short course (DOTS) program, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), and HIV co-infection (ibid). In addition, as Boogaard, Kibiki, Kisanga, Boeree, & Aarnoutse (2009) report, the existing diagnostic test- sputum microscopy- ide ntifies only advanced pulmonary TB and the remaining cases go unidentified. In addition, the DOTS strategy developed by World Health Organisation is expensive and labor-intensive, and hence less effective in developing nations (ibid). Now, taking the economic side of the disease into consideration, a study by Grimard and Harline prove that even a 10% fall in the

History 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

History 2 - Essay Example .The protagonist Gen is a small boy whose family lives in Hiroshima during the 1940’s.Like most of the Japanese families, it is a patriarchal family , where all the family members honor and obey the words of the father. Gen’s father, who has understood the futility of war, is against it. This makes the family unpopular in the town. The book shows the blind loyalty of the Japanese to their Emperor. It was this mistaken sense of loyalty which made them turn against anybody talking about the evils of war. The Japanese had a sense of honor which made them commit suicide in stead of finding practical solutions to the problems that faced them. Gen’s father disapproved of this warped sense of values of his people. But his opposition to war was not supported by the others who regarded him as a traitor. The second volume tells us about what happened immediately after the Bomb was dropped. . â€Å"The city of Hiroshima had disappeared, buried under cries of pain and piles of corpses† (Nakazawa p.4) The drawings of the dying Japanese with the flesh of their bodies oozing out is very disturbing, even though it is in black and white The hands of the victims, stiff and curled as if grasping at an ephemeral hope, tell their tale better than any words. Then there is the heartrending scene of the little girl Setsuko of first grade, who , while dying, requests Gen to tell her parents that she â€Å"died here† (p.2) Gen echoes the despairing cry of the nation as a whole, when he says, â€Å"everything is gone†¦everything has disappeared. What will become of us?† (p.7) The spirit of Gen’s father tells him to survive and take care of his mother. Here too, Gen echoes the will of the Japanese people, when he decides to survive. The sight of the bodies lying everywhere, and the cry for water of the dying confronted Gen when he goes to look for some rice for his mother, so that his infant sister

The Pharmaceutical Industry: UK Market

The Pharmaceutical Industry: UK Market The pharmaceutical industry is characterised as highly complex. The discoveries and the continued developments of medicines are result of human knowledge and advanced technologies. The industry consists of enormous size companies with complex processes and technologies. Typically, this kind of companies have many organisational and management structures. Also, the discovery, development and management distribution systems are extremely costly procedures. The industry directly employs approximately 73,000 in the UK and generates an additional 250,000 jobs in related industries (Department of Business Innovation, 2010). The industry has had a consistent trade surplus for the past twenty years, exporting more pharmaceutical products than it imports (ABPI, 2010). The Great Britain is the third major exporter of pharmaceuticals in the world. This high export volume insulates the industry from economic fluctuations in the UK market. According to statistics, the publicly funded National Health System in the UK is likely to considerably reduce the funding in subsequent years since the countrys finances appear to be significantly affected by recession. The financial year 2008/2009, the budget of the NHS increased by 5,5%. Yet, experts indicated that the budget of the NHS is like to rise by only 1% in 2009/2010. This increase, combined with inflation is probably equivalent to freezing or decreasing of funding (Q Finance, 2010). The main implication is that the pharmaceutical industry can be affected by macroeconomic problems. GlaxoSmithKline is a British pharmaceutical, biological and healthcare company and the second largest research-based in the world with an estimated 5,5% of the market worldwide and 8,3% of the UK market. Its sales for 2009 were  £28,3 billion and its operating profit  £8,4 billion. It specialises in both medicines and vaccines and covers all the therapeutic areas. But, it is the leader in four main areas: anti-infectives, gastro-intestinal, respiratory and central nervous system. Also, the firm is known for developing vaccines and treatments for cancer (GSKs Annual Report, 2009). Moreover, it employs 99,000 people in over 100 countries with more than 17,000 only in the UK. (Website- GSK in the UK, 2010) On the other hand, AstraZeneca has four main tactics that form the basis of its competitive strategy. The first one is the strength the pipeline of new products. This could be achieved through the continuous improvement of RD. The second is the growth of the business via continued focus on driving commercial excellence. For example, the initiatives of this priority refer to build on leadership positions in existing markets or expand their presence in emerging markets. The third is the reshape of the business. The idea here is the necessity of creating a new and flexible organisation with financial strength in order to be adapted by a changing business environment. The last is the promotion of a responsible and accountable culture. It is important for an organisation to be recognised by integrity with which it conducts its business. (AstraZenecas Annual Report, 2009) This company is one of the worlds leading pharmaceuticals with various innovative medicines. Its sales were USD$ 32,8 billion and its operating profit USD$ 13,6 billion in 2009 (AstraZenecas Annual Report, 2009). The firm focuses its operations in six healthcare areas which are: cardiovascular, cancer, infections, gastrointestinal, neurology, respiratory, and inflammation. Also, it employs around 11,600 people at 17 principal RD centres in 8 different countries and it has generally, 20 manufacturing sites in 16 countries. (Website: Key facts, 2010) Recently, AstraZeneca announced a supply partnership with Indias Torrent Pharmaceuticals in an attempt to enhance its presence in emerging markets and confront patent losses in blockbuster medicines. It is the first connection with a generic medicine-maker. According to the agreement, Torrent will supply AstraZeneca with 18 generic drugs which it will brand and market them in nine different countries (Business News; Drug Discovery Development, 2010). In contrast, Novartis has five strategic initiatives that form its long term sustainable development. The business strengthens its portfolio by evaluating internal and external opportunities in order to remain competitive and improve its position in the market. Also, it intensifies its innovation by developing new products according to peoples needs. The expansion in high-growth markets is another priority of Novartis as well as the improvement of organisational effectiveness. Productivity is a perpetual process and purpose of the firm is to deliver the best possible quality even faster. The final priority refers to performance-oriented culture. Novartis is a company that wants to create value for both patients and customers. (Novartis Annual Report, 2009) This firm is a global leader in innovative and generics medicines as well as in vaccines and consumer health goods. Its net sales were USD$ 44,3 billion and its operating profit USD$ 1,1 billion in 2009 (Annual Report, 2009). Also, Novartis in the UK is one of the largest subsidiaries in the world and employs over 3,500 people on nine sites. The main activities of British Novartis are the manufacturing, the packaging, the customer service and the marketing of products used locally and globally. (Novartis website, 2010) In January 2010, Novartis announced its immediate plan to gain full ownership of the Alcon Inc., a company that specialises in eye care, via completion deal with Nestle S.A. to attain its 77% majority stake of Alcon. After that, a proposal of direct merger of Alcon into Novartis is made by stakeholders (Novartis Annual Report, 2009) 4.1.2. Threat of New Entrants The entry barriers into the pharmaceutical sector are particularly high. Pharmaceutical industry faces many challenges that prevent newcomers to enter in this market. The production costs associated with years of RD are very high and government regulations are strict. According to the report of House of Commons Health Committee (2005), RD investments in the UK are worth 3,3 billion of pounds annually. Additionally, pharmaceutical companies need on average twelve years and more than  £500 million investment to bring a new medicine in the market. The threat of new entrants is particularly low because of the large economies of scale and the high capital requirements that the industry demands. Also, entrants face many risks associated with capabilities that established companies have developed many years ago. Those capabilities related to their experience, their good relationship with the third parties and the invention of new patents. Moreover, other barriers to entry could be the differentiation of products and the difficulty in access to distribution channels. Once a company differentiates its products, it becomes immediately unique and creates brand name. The brand identity of major pharmaceutical firms is strongly associated with customers loyalty and preferences in brand name medicines. However, new entrants can not easily create a brand name from one moment to another. Furthermore, the established companies face strict regulations concerning the developing and delivering of their pharmaceutical products. The process of manufacturing a new drug, as we mentioned before, is lengthy and costly and firms invest a great deal of money in RD. New medicines need approval by the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI). Another regulation refers to drugs patents that are protected by the firms and generally last about 10 to 15 years. All of the above factors are very discouraging for new entrants. 4.1.3. Threat of Substitutes Generally, the basic substitutes that pharmaceutical industry faces are the generic medicines. Generics are copies of previously patented medicines and do not differ from brand names. Many consumers prefer them because they are cheaper than the originals. But, unfortunately, generics are not always available as substitutes due to the protection of companies patents. Pharmaceutical companies face substitutes for their products when their patents have expired. In this case, the threat for substitutes is medium because of the lower price that generic drugs provide. This happens due to the fact that the companies that produce generics did not have to pay the initial cost of RD. In contrast, companies have the monopoly of their medicines when their patents are still active. This means that the threat of substitutes is weak and the large pharmaceutical firms have the absolute control in the market and are powerful. Additionally, other substitutes that pharmaceutical industry in the UK faces are the natural remedies such as herbs and other traditional products as a part of healthiness programmes of private firms (Thinking made easy, 2010). Reports from NHS encourage the people to use these kinds of products which are alternative products in place of branded and generic drugs. Also, there are specific policies that protect the public from those alternative drugs which established by The House of Lords (Department of Health, 2001). Overall, the threat of substitutes is fairly weak. 4.1.4. Bargaining Power of Buyers The pharmaceutical industry consists of many buyers such as patients, doctors, hospitals, drug stores and pharmacists. It is known that buyers can affect businesses by seeking lower prices, high quality and better service. Actually, the main buyers in the UK are the government and the people who obtain prescriptions from medical professionals. Most of the consumers in Britain purchase pharmaceutical products more frequently in small quantities. Most of the established pharmaceutical firms have branded medicines in the market, so buyers can choose among a variety of products according to their personal needs and preferences. Additionally, the bargaining power of buyers is not powerful because the switching costs from one product to another are high. Also, buyers in the UK can choose between branded or generic medicines. However, most consumers prefer to buy generic drugs because are cheaper. Pricing plays important role to customers and hospitals along with pharmacies are pressing firms to reduce their prices. The bargaining power of hospitals and drug stores is very high as they purchase large quantities. Many companies do not lower their drug prices and hospitals try to find other firms which are in position to do it. The main reason that pharmaceutical companies pose medicines patents is because they want to set the prices and monopolise the market. For many years the medicines were and still be a great necessity to people. Great Britain and most of European countries work with drug prescriptions in hospitals. Consumers prefer to supply their medicines from hospitals because the cost is lower if they have health insurance. Furthermore, nowadays consumers are fully-informed about the launches of new medicines from the Internet. This gives some kind of power to buyers although not very significant since they do not have full access to important information. Overall the bargaining power of buyers is quite low because they agree and buy pharmaceutical products, even when firms set high prices. Therefore, the companies have the advantage. 4.1.5. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Pharmaceutical companies have a wide range of suppliers who are essential. They usually provide raw materials, components, intermediates products and other supplies. One category of suppliers is those who provide raw materials that are necessary for firms production process. For instance, the process of drugs packaging includes materials such as foils that cover the tablets of capsules, the bottles that enclose the syrups (Typepad, 2008). In this case the bargaining power of suppliers is very low, although corporations are the major buyers of these inputs. This happens because they are exclusively dependent on the industry to continue to exist. Another category of suppliers are those who provide other important substances such as colours that used into syrups, sweeteners as well as fruit flavours, inputs that are especially used in childrens medicines. Those manufacturers can provide some kind of threat but in the pharmaceutical industry their bargaining power is weak. Their negotiation power is low and they do not charge unreasonable high prices in their products because most of the companies in the UK have their own manufacturing plants. Also, the switching costs of suppliers and the firms are relatively high, since it is not so simple for companies to change providers even when they warned to keep back further supply. In this aspect, the bargaining power of suppliers is high. Generally, suppliers power is weak and therefore the pharmaceutical companies have the strength to ask for lower prices and arrange better deals. 4.2 HOW THE FIVE FORCES AFFECT THE INDUSTRYS PROFITABILITY The Five Forces model of Porter has generally, a significant influence on the profitability of the industry. In this industry, all the factors except rivalry do not affect considerably the efficiency of the British pharmaceutical companies. In every industry, the suppliers are a significant ingredient and can seriously affect the firms marketplace. However, their power is weak since they affect everyone and cannot be thought as a significant force. Therefore, the profitability of pharmaceutical companies does not affected by suppliers. On the other hand, buyers are powerful when they push firms to lower prices, but their power is really weak when pharmaceutical companies are protected by drug patents. This is the point where firms monopolise the market. Threat of substitutes is related to buyers power since consumers can choose between branded and generic medicines. In this point the profitability of pharmaceutical companies might be affected because of the lower prices of generic pharmaceutical products. But, firms with patents on their new inputs cannot be affected by generics medicines. Also, complementary remedies cannot considerably affect firms profits since patients prefer the products of big pharmaceuticals. The threat of alternatives inputs is quite low and obviously cannot affect businesses profits. The barriers to newcomers are very high and it is difficult for them to enter to such competitive market. Therefore, they cannot negatively influence the profitability of firms. To conclude, the intensity of rivalry of British pharmaceutical industry is very dynamic and can strongly influence the profitability of its companies. It is important for all businesses to be aware of those five forces in order to gain competitive advantage and be profitable. 5. HOW THE REMOTE ENVIRONMENT AND THE COMPETITIVE ARENA HAS AN EFFECT ON THE PLAYERS WITHIN THE INDUSTRY In this paper, PEST analysis considered the macro-environment of British pharmaceutical industry and showed all those external factors that limit the operations of an industry. The main limitations that should be highlighted are the pricing regulation, advertising code of practice, EU directives concerning approval of new pharmaceutical products, labelling requirements and clinical trials. Also, investments in RD and technological innovation are necessary in this industry but very costly. Patents expire and new medicines should come into the market. Lastly, the demographic changes force the industry to produce more pharmaceutical products. All the above factors obligate the pharmaceutical companies in the industry to formulate specific strategy. On the other hand, Porters Five Forces analysis considered the microenvironment of the industry and relies on the internal environment factors that governing the function of a company. These features may change depending on the organisational structure and business strategy. This model takes into account the relationships that are formulated between the company and other third parties such as consumers, suppliers and competitors and in which way it manages those relationships. The competition among pharmaceutical companies is fierce and has strongly impact on the profitability of the industry. Concerning the other features of Porters model, they do not influence the competitors since their effect is considerably low. Therefore, there is not any consequence on the profitability of the industry. 5. CONCLUSION To conclude, the pharmaceutical industry in Great Britain is large, profitable and highly competitive. The continued production and development of new pharmaceutical products is a source of funding of medical research. The industrys products include many salutary medicines that contribute substantially to the national health as well as to the economy of the country. Additionally, the commercial success of the industry is huge with businesses achieving every year even higher sales. Most of the companies that operate in the UK have long history and great expertise as well as experience in production of pharmaceuticals. All of them have a strong sense of responsibility and their main purpose remains the continuous improvement of human life. In recent times companies face serious challenges such as patents expiries, legal regulations and increased demands from healthcare providers are likely to persist in the future and may be more pronounced. This is the main reasons that lead firms to create an environment that could distribute more development with less danger and an improved financial performance (GSKs Annual report, 2009). GSK, Novartis and AstraZeneca have established long term strategies to maintain their corporate sustainability. Nowadays, firms face extremely high costs of RD while the product life cycle is greatly reducing. Moreover, important issues such as product approval, pricing and promotion are always a cornerstone for further arrangements and regulations. These usually are factors that adversely affect companies and consequently, limit their operations. One of the industrys future plans involves further regulations. Additional plans and thoughts include greater analysis of costs and benefits of medicines used by the NHS. However, this venture is difficult to be achieved because the demand for pharmaceutical products is large and growing. Also, the ageing population in Britain leads to even greater increase in the number of prescription drugs, a trend that will continue to exist in the future. Therefore, it is expected that the most important therapeutic areas will be those associated with age such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. According to Royal College of Physicians (2009), the prevalence of Alzheimers disease will affect 1 million people in the UK by 2025 compared to 700000 today. This is the reason that the demand for more effective therapies may increase in those areas. The same pattern is followed by diabetes disease which is expected to increase from 3 million today to 4-5 million in next years. Moreover, expert expects that the economic demand for cancer care in the UK will increase by 200% which is an extremely high percentage (Sikora K, 2008). Furthermore, reports from Prescribing Analysis and Cost (PACT) in the UK reveal significant future changes in general practice prescribing. According to their data, the volume of prescriptions rose by 6% in 2007 compared to the previous years growth of 4,5% (NHS, 2008). Also, costs of prescription rose by 2,1% in 2007 compared to the previous year, which accounts for  £8 bn. Generally, the pharmaceutical industry has still untapped potentialities and of course, exciting challenges and opportunities will continue to exist. The market in the UK will continue to be driven by demand for better treatments for devastating diseases affecting its population. This will be beneficial for British pharmaceutical firms. Also, their primary objective now is to expand and develop their operations into promising emerging markets such as China and India. It should be noted that the emerging markets demand higher standards of healthcare because the life and health expectations are very low compared to the developed countries. Therefore, by expanding their activities in these markets, the corporations will be able to offer their products increasing their production and sales. 7. APPENDICES CRITICAL EVALUATION OF METHODS PEST analysis is a good strategic technique to analyse the external environment of an industry. However, it does not consider at all the internal factors that might affect the environment of an industry. In my opinion it could be more effective tool in accordance with other relative tools such as SWOT analysis and McKinseys 7S model (strategy, structure, systems, style, staff and stakeholders). Both of those techniques take into account internal and external factors. Therefore, the combination of those could provide a more complete and analytical picture of the industrys strategic environment. Kotler (1998) supports that PEST analysis is a useful strategic technique for understanding market growth or decline, industrys position as well as potential and direction for operations. Also, the use of PEST analysis can be efficient for business plans, product developments and research reports. Also, PEST ensures that the performance of a firm is positively related to strong changing forces that are influencing the business environment (Porter, 1985) The Five Forces analysis is a necessary ingredient of a successful strategy and it is usually used as a complementary help of other techniques such as PEST or SWOT. Additionally, in my point of view, this technique is strong and useful but it is difficult to concentrate all those factors around a main implication and predict properly the industrys profitability. Particularly, Porters Five Forces model combines the structure of an industry to the competitive intensity within it and to the profitability that it realises. While every industry is unique, competition and profitability are the main components that can influence the structure of that industry. (Grant, 2008).The most important point that firms should consider within an industry is the dynamics of their industries in order to compete efficiently in the market. According to Porter (1980) the competitive environment of an industry is created by the interaction of five different forces that act within it.

Dangers of Social Networking Sites Essay -- Social Networking

Is the current craze of these ubiquitous social networking sites becoming too much to handle? Some say yes, others might disagree. Social networking was created to connect friends and family together. Now, many predators use sites such as Facebook or Myspace to find their prey. This is the source of what parents are stressing about to their children. While many who use social media are enjoying meeting new people, they are also becoming distant from contact with real people and they are involved in a very surprising and dangerous environment. Around 2005, Myspace and Facebook were popping up on many computer screens; they allowed people to create a profile and share everything about themselves to the whole world. When social sites first were developed, they only linked people by their name and address. Since sites such as Xanga, Tagged, and Facebook were gaining so much popularity, more users were logging on, and online predators are becoming a problem. These sites are so easy, that it is not that hard for predators to â€Å"pose† as another person and trick young adults. It is extremely difficult to differentiate the real person that you are looking for from a fake. Young adults claim that social networks can help them connect with their friends and family, and also â€Å"meet like-minded people† ( Metz, par. 1). In some cases, business people such as Ron West, claim that he uses Facebook â€Å"to become acquainted with new customers†( par. 8). Yes, these types of websites are great tools to stay in touch with old classmatesand faraway family members. It is a great source of communication, but there is always a con to every pro. Even though users are connecting with others, users of social networks never know exact... ...r stepsister Jordan. She boarded a plane to the Middle East not knowing what to expect. Of course her parents had figured out, and sent the police to come after Katherine. Katherine had put herself into a dangerous situation because she was getting engaged to a person that she had met on Myspace! She had never even met Abdullah before. A lesson that she should have learned when she was young, was to never speak to strangers. Social networking is becoming increasingly popular which creates more users. These sites contribute to people having faux emotions and more danger also arises. Do users of these sites want to put themselves in dangerous situations like Megan or Katherine? Or do they want to build up a strong relationship with someone and be crushed because it was never real. So be careful when social media is unexpected and dangerous.

Banning communist party FINALRev

The communist party of Australia has a history that dates back to the early 1920. It was established in the face of rising Russian Communism revolution. An analysis of its events in its lifetime indicates that it was a great challenge to the Australian political order as it was growing from strength to strength in terms of its support. Liberal country party coalition was threatened by this emerging dominant ideology as fronted by the communism party. Robert Gordon Menzies was against this and went ahead to enforce a ban of the communist party, but was this right?(Ward, Russel, 1983 pg 131) Arguments have raged over the appropriateness of Menzies ban on the communist party. This paper maintains that this ban on the communist party was meant to suppress democracy and was against the basic underlying democratic fundamentals under which Australia was formed and also which the Liberal Country Party sought to further. It was also against individual rights as it was seeking to infringe on t he freedom of association. The banning of communist party was driven by ill based fear especially as a revolution driven by Russia was rife in the air.At the start of the world war two, the party had been banned in the pretext or in an unfounded belief that it was a dissident organization (Manne, Robert, 1994, pg 34,44). The federal government did this by invoking the National Security Regulations, however this ban was to be later lifted in December 1942. This was after the leadership established that the communist Russians had decided rally their support against fighting the Hitler’s Third Reich terming the new force as the Patriotic Forces.Towards the start of the war, the Comintern was against the involvement of Russia in the Second World War terming it as purely an imperialist’s affair. Australian communists had too earlier on spoken against the rising Nazism and Fascism, warning that these it was likely to spread to the rest of Europe. The lifting of the ban is an indicator that it was not on any justified cause but was as a result of the rising opposition to the government’s policies at home (Ann C. and John M. , 1984). The communist party was riding on a wave of simmering discontent and disillusionment of the Australian workers under the labor unions.The lifting of the ban in 1942 did it greater service as its popularity soared to a record height. The number of trade unions allied to communist party increased greatly. The communist movement was able to penetrate and infiltrate the major trade unions mostly in the face of rising communism in Eastern Europe. The communist party in Australia was enjoying some considerable support especially amongst the workers. This is seen in the way it was able to influence and instigate workers strike. The Chiley government in turn was using the military and arbitrary jailing of officials to crack the party.1949, in Australia, was a bad year for the labor government. The miner led a nation wide stri ke, a strike that lasted for seven weeks. This was a period that would put the government’s strength and will power into test. It was to retaliate through unwarranted emergency legislations, and establishing an â€Å"Anti Communist Month†. This scuffle would leave both the communist party and the labor party suffering debilitating effects in the face of a rising unpopularity that was being fuelled by Menzies Liberal Party. This was so especially as the 1949 federal elections drew closer.Right from the start, Menzies was set against communism in Australia. He considered the party as â€Å"alien† and â€Å"destructive pest†. In his campaign for elections, he vowed to prohibit it. Indeed that was the first deed upon his swearing in, having won the elections with a landslide (Peter L. & Paul S. , 2001, pg 66). Many argue that it was not the suppression of the communist party activity that did not endear him to many but it is the approach that he took. He embr aced undemocratic strategies and invoked some constitution provisions that would infringe upon the rights of the population.It has to be understood that Menzies policies against communism were a greater extent fuelled and influenced by the United States and Britain in the face of cold war. The three countries had been sharing classified information on the communism and on nuclear technology including the remote sites. Allegations that the communist party in Australia was spying for the USSR led to Menzies taking a hard stance and vowing to stamp out the party, referring to the act as a â€Å"high treason† (McKnight, David, 1994, pg112).The events that would ensue after this were highly undemocratic. Menzies took excess measures to curb any association, support or membership of the Communist Party. It is these measures that received a lot of criticism. Majority wanted prohibition to be specifically limited to membership and not based on some other ununderstandable criterion. H is worst headache however was how to ban a party that enjoyed considerable support from the trade unions. Impediments lay on his path as he tried to ban the party mostly as the common wealth constitution did not have such provisions.He had to plan carefully, cautious not to step on the toes of the powerful trade unions (Gollan, Robin, 1975, pg 145). Menzies was not enjoying much support from the industrial workers who saw him as impediment to their rights. His policies were likely to ignite an industrial instability. In banning the communist party, he used selective and isolationist policies. The communist officials were to be denied any job opportunities in the government offices but the trade union officials were not to be affected by this, even those publicly opposed to the federal government.Sifting the communist from the rest required the reversing of the fundamental principle of innocent until proven guilty. The legal burden of proof lay upon the individual accused of being a member of the communist party. This did not endear him to many and was seen as meant to lead to arbitrary detention in the pretext that a crime against the commonwealth was committed (Macintyre, Stuart, 1998 pg 20-23). A hate campaign was instituted against the communist in the bid by the federal government to instill a sense of fear into the masses and wane the communist party popularity.The bill introduced by the government referred to as the Australian Communist Party Dissolution Bill 1950, was meant to outlaw completely the communist party. The provisions in the bill were unreasonably harsh and a clear infringement of the citizens rights. Supporters were to be jailed and those suspected to be communists sacked from their jobs. This was in the midst of concerted and vehement opposition from the Australian Labor Party led by Ben Chifley. According to him, freedom and individual justice were at stake if the bill was to be passed.Others were also emphasizing similar views. The high court ruled to the disfavor of the Menzies administration and his mechanizations did not make headway. The 1951 referendum held on 22nd September landed Menzies a slight defeat, however, still in the face of this defeat, the government did not give up the fight against communism. (Rupert Lockwood, 1992 pg 149) It is important to indicate that opposition is not on the decision to fight the Communist Party perse but it is against the strategy that he used.It is agreeable that the ideal of communism in the face of cold war were a threat to the stability of Australia. However the methods used to fight it are not condonable. The public voted against the government as there was fear that individual right and freedoms were to be trampled on had the act been enacted. The strategies used by Menzies were undemocratic and were seeking to arbitrary oppress a section of the Australian population especially those believed to have some communist connections.Some people were citing the arbitrary ar rests on the mere basis of suspicion as the reason behind their voting against the proposed act. Reference Ward, Russel, 1983. A nation for a continent: the history of Australia, 1901-1975, Richmond, and Vic. Heinemann Educational Australia. Ann Curthoys and John Merritt, 1984. Australia’s first Cold War Society, communism and culture. 1945-1953 / Volume 1: Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Peter Love & Paul Strangio, 2001. Arguing the Cold War. Carlton North, Vic. : Red Rag Publications. Gollan, Robin, 1975.Revolutionaries and Reformists: Communism and the Australian Labour Movement, 1920-1955, Canberra: Australian National U. P. Manne, Robert, 1994. The shadow of 1917: Cold War conflict in Australia, Melbourne: Text Publishing. Rupert Lockwood, 1992. ‘Seeing Red And Darker Colours', in seeing red: the Communist Party Dissolution Act and referendum 1951: lessons for constitutional reform, Sydney: Evatt Foundation. Macintyre, Stuart, 1998. The reds, St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin. Mc Knight, David, 1994. Australia's spies and their secrets, St Leonards, N. S. W. : Allen & Unwin.

Power Base essays

Power Base essays In most of the formal organizations there are five bases of power that we can exercise and these five bases are: reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power. However in nonprofit social organization, there are some limitations that wont allow us to exercise all of those five power bases. Based on my personal experience, these two of the power bases are the ones thats hard to exercise when it comes to the working environment in a social organization: The coercive power, the ability to fire a worker if he falls below a given level expectation and the legitimate power in which formal organization is largely a relationship between offices rather than between people and the acceptance of an office as right is a basis for the legitimate power. The question is why these two power bases are hard to exercise in a nonprofit social organization? Since my first semester at USC I have been involved in business professional club such as: Accounting Society, Beta Alpha Psi and entrepreneur club. Considering that I am going to go back to my country, Indonesia, I decided that during my last semester at USC I would expand my network and get more involved in Indonesian community. That was the point when I decided that to be the president of this Indonesian student organization at USC. As I have been involved as officers for some business professional organizations, I thought that I have more than enough to handle this Indonesian student organization, which I consider as a more relax and fun rather than a formal, busy organization. However, soon I realized there are huge different as which power bases work more effectively in each of the organization and what I found very interesting is that the fact that I dont have the ability to exercise the legitimate and coercive power. During my time as a controller and the director of internal affairs in Accounting Society, I learned that the ...

The Beattles and the Rolling Stones essays

The Beattles and the Rolling Stones essays For more than four decades, rock and roll music has been the most popular genre in the world. According to wikipedia.org, a free online encyclopedia, rock and roll music became a new musical style in America in 1950s. However, its popularity was not exploded in US but in England by the newborn rock and roll bands, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. During 1960s, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, which were definitely two of the most successful rock bands in British history, rocked the world with their own rock and roll music. Eventually, they became new icons in every teenagers life. Most people know both the Beatles and the Rolling Stones have a close relationship with drugs; however, they have differences in their music styles and their popularity. Without doubt, most people know both the Beatles and the Rolling Stones had a close relationship with drugs. The Beatles, whose members of the group were John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr (Richard Starkey), were all addicted to drugs. According to an article from David W. Cloud, Fundamental Baptist Information Service, the Beatles began taking drugs in 1964 while they had their first world concert in Denmark. They took drugs such as Phenmetrazine and LSD to stay awake during long performances. We can trace back some facts that the Beatles had made a record for making 5 concerts in only 3 days. Furthermore, many of the Beatles songs were related to drugs such as Strawberry Fields Foreve, Day Tripper, Yellow Submarine, and many more. The student newspaper for the University of Wisconsin, once said that the Beatles had proselytized the use of drugs so subtly that words and conceptions once only common to drug users are found in the sentences of teeny-booper s and statesmen alike (Daily Cardina, Dec. 3, 1968, p. 5, cited by David Noebel, The Legacy of John Lennon, p. 63). The Rolling Stones, on the other han...

Law of Evidence Burden of Proof Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Evidence Burden of Proof - Assignment Example The burden of persuasion also focuses on the party that introduces a fact and aims at convincing the judge or jury to favors the party on the facts while the burden of proof relates to the truth despite the party that introduces it. Another significant distinction is the duty of a party. Burden of proof must be proved beyond reasonable doubt and establishes a basis for decisions on criminal charges, unlike burden of persuasion. Further, burden of persuasion relates to a limited scope of a proceeding, as it is an element of burden of proof (Ingram 47). One of the bases for distinction between the roles of a judge and roles of a jury are on the actual activities that the two parties perform in a judicial process. The judge plays a technical role of determining admissibility evidence in a case and therefore influences bases for decisions in determination of cases. The jury however undertakes the role of listening to and evaluating admissible evidence and makes decisions on cases. The judge also determines evidence that can be used in a case while the jury establishes significance of admissible evidence and the extent to which a piece of evidence can be relied upon in determining a case. Another difference between roles of a judge and roles of a jury is based on the foundations of the roles. While legal provisions influence roles of a judge, roles of a jury are based on presented facts before it. The roles of a judge in a criminal trial are also limited to legal issues while those of a jury are limited to issues of facts (Emanuel and Friedman 1). A judge also has a wider jurisdiction and can perform the roles of a jury, if a party to a case wave the right to a jury trial while the jury’s role is limited and cannot cover the roles of a judge in a trial. Dependence of the jury on the judge for legal counsel informs the difference (Goldman and Sigismond 38). The burden of proof at a preliminary hearing is lower than the actual burden in a formal