concentration camps essays

concentration camps essays During the Holocaust, many labor and mass murder camps were built. Auschwitz and Birkenau were infamous for their heavy labor camps. Other camps also built were solely built for mass murders. At these mass murder camps, some used gas to poison the people. The Belzec concentration camp is an example of one of these camps. It was established in February 1940 and on November 1, 1941, construction began at this death camp. It was opened for only 9 months and is reported that 600,000 people died there. Belzec had the capacity to kill 15,000 a day. There are only two known survivors. The Belzec concentration camps were built on the orders of Hitler that were passed down to Heinrich Himmler. Himmler, in turn, ordered Odilo Globocnik, the SS commissioner occupying Poland, to construct a camp at Belzec. One of the first gas chambers that were built was at Belzec. Deportees from Cracow, Radom, Galicia, Czechoslovakia, Holland, as well as Belzec went there. Christian Wirth, formerly of the Brandenburg euthanasia program, built the gas chamber. His building contained three rectangular rooms, each about thirteen by twenty-six feet, with ceilings just over six feet high. A 240-horsepower engine from a captured Russian tank was installed in a shed just outside, and exhaust fumes were piped into the chambers. Many believed that carbon monoxide was a reliable form of gassing. However, this form of gassing, at the beginning, functioned very inefficiently. A report from a SS colonial concludes this. In it he says, [Sergeant] Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. But it doesn't go up...My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel did not start. The people wait inside the gas chamber. In vain...After 2 hours and 49 minutes-the stopwatch recorded it all-the diesel started...the people shut up in those four crowded chambers were alive, four times 750 in four time...

Field Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Field Experience - Essay Example The program was unique for me because my local language is not English. I come from Spain and speak Spanish. However, most ESOL students spoke Spanish in the institution where I learnt. Their second common language is Arabic and then Vietnamese comes third. The other languages included Urdu, Portuguese, Cambodian, and Laotian. ESOL students have limited proficiency in speaking, reading, listening and writing. Being a unique program for many foreign students whose native language is not English, the institution had set goals, objectives, and the specific learning activities that enhanced effective learning. They are discussed as shown below. The goal of the program for English language learners was to provide instruction so that students could become fully proficient in English and meet the same challenging state academic content. Students’ achievement standards and the state graduation requirements were expected to be met. The program also aimed at providing the learners with personalized services to ensure success in academic achievement standards and state graduation requirements. These services were offered by competent ESOL teachers. It was the duty of the management of the institution to make sure that the teachers handling the students met their instructional needs. The ESOL program targeted learners who were aged between 3 and 21 years old. It aimed at making the students to learn to speak, write, and read English language proficiently. The teachers also determined the understanding capacity of the students by making a record while they described something, a place or a person. The teachers determined the understanding capacity of the students by making a record while learners described something, a place or a person. The teacher then played the recording for the students to cite or demonstrate what they have

International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International law - Essay Example This means that the decisions made do not have precedents on the other courts, which means that the provisions of international rules will continue to be applied inconsistently. A good example of a rule, however, is the responsibility to protect doctrine, which necessitates intervention in cases of genocide and other widespread human rights abuses. That said, even this doctrine is applied inconsistently, as seen in the case of Sri Lanka, a nation which has been at war for 30 years. This nation has not been the target of R2P intervention, and has, for many years, been largely ignored by the United Nations. This case study shows the limits of international rules of law, and demonstrates the need for a more comprehensive approach to be taken on the international stage. The Traditional Meaning of Sovereignty The United Nations' attempts to establish an international rule of law meets a stumbling block in the form of the concept of state sovereignty. State sovereignty is a powerful and tr aditional concept, and has traditionally been the bedrock of world order and interstate relations. (Supplement to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty). What state sovereignty means is that every nation-state has the right to rule its people, and dispose of its resources, by its own independent edicts (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). Because of the concept of state sovereignty, the protected and respected norm, even by the United Nations, is one of non-intervention. State sovereignty is such a paramount concept that, if one nation violates it, then the offended nation can defend itself by right, and the United Nations protects this right to defend (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). That said, state sovereignty is not absolute, and is subjected to international rules and regulations. Moreover, in today's globalized world, state sovereignty has become ever-more tenous. The reali ty of today's world is that national borders are often breached by environmental, cultural and economic influences through technological and communication advances (Supplement to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty). State sovereignty is also limited in that nations agree that, in order to maintain their sovereignty, to protect their citizens, and this enables the international community to hold wayward nations accountable for their own actions towards their citizens (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). In other words, if a nation is committing atrocities against its citizens, then that nation effectively relinquishes its own sovereignty, and the international community has the right to step in and intervene when this occurs. International Rule of Law The other concept that should be understood in this context is the concept of an international rule of law, and the brief historical basis for this. Chesterman (2008) h as explored this concept in depth. He states that the international rule of law has been promoted through international treaties, development actors (including donor States), and security actors (such as the U.N. Security Council). The latter has promoted the rule of law as a form of conflict resolution, claims Chesterman. He sees the international rule of law operating to protect human rights by issuing human rights treaties, as well as international codes

Theory Essay Example for Free

Theory Essay Explain what you understand by â€Å"theory†. Would you reject a theory of accounting on the basis that a particular research study found results that failed to support the theory? Explain your answer, with particular reference to Watts and Zimmerman’s Positive Accounting Theory, including a discussion of wether any theory can be proved or rejected. The theory is a set of assumptions, propositions, or attempts to provide a plausible or rational explanation of cause-and-effect relationships among a group of observed phenomenon. It is not helpful for improving the relationship between theorizing and qualitative empirical research in social science disciplines. It can be said that research study is established on the basic of theory. So the answer is â€Å"No†. According to Watts and Zimmerman’s Positive Accounting Theory, positive accounting is the branch of academic research in accounting that seeks to explain and predict actual accounting practices. It believes that it is just an object statement about what theory is and that contains no indication of approval or disapproval, instead of whether correct or wrong or being couched in terms of what should be or ought. Therefore, if the result of research failed to support its theory, it does not mean the theory and maybe the process is wrong. And I would not reject this theory. In addition, any others like PAT can also be proved such as agency theory and contracting theory. However, if it is a normative theory which against Watts and Zimmerman’s Theory, it should be rejected.

A MODEST PROPOSAL Essay -- essays research papers

In the nineteenth century, Ireland was marked by extensive personal suffering. Civilians, predominantly the catholic lower and middle-classes, were having a hard time finding jobs, paying rent, feeding their children, as well as putting up with overpopulation which contributed to the overall growing problem of poverty. During this time of suffering, many began to question whether Britain acted as hastily and as effectively as they could have, as well as believing that centuries of British rule and/or political oppression was a fundamental cause of the famine (which originated from a potato crop failure). Jonathan Swift, a poor-boy who found his niche as a social critic/spokesman for Irish rights, after analyzing the possible causes, he concludes that England should not be the sole one to blame and therefore proposes a rather straightforward solution to Ireland’s evident predicament by insisting that the abundance of children of the poor to be used as a food supply. Jonathan Swift blames the English Protestants for their cruel and inhumane treatment of the papists, or poor Irish Catholics, through both political and economic oppression. This is seen when the author’s â€Å"persona† believes that England would be more than willing to eat the Irish poor even if such a proposal had never been suggested, saying that, â€Å"†¦I could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.† Being a son of pauper parents, as well as having spent years in Ireland, he first han...

Haverwood Furniture Essay

Haverwood Furniture, Inc. Q1 How would you characterize the HH wood Furniture Industry? †¢Haverwood L Room & Bedroom †¢Haverwood has own sales force 10 sales/ 2 Reg †¢Upholstered 50%/ Wood 40% †¢Total Ind Sales 3 Mil †¢Top 10 Wood Manu = 1/3 of total sales †¢Asia imports driving down prices (BPuerto) †¢US Manu downsized – 100 Manu †¢$15 million sales = 6% mkt share †¢Hwood uses 1000 specialty style (Selective distribution) †¢Gallery concept prevalent †¢Do not have full line in all retailers †¢Do not have galleries in all retailers Q2 How do consumer buy? †¢94% enjoy shopping †¢Lack confidence about quality or evaluating price †¢95% get redecorating ideas from Mag. †¢84% believe higher price = higher quality †¢72% browse even when not buying †¢Rely on sales people for ideas but want to be left alone to shop †¢85% read ads before shopping †¢Difficult to select styles Attributes †¢Styling/Design (1) †¢Brand Name/Image (5) †¢Price (4) †¢Construction Quality/workmanship (2) †¢Store Quality/Image (3) Buying Decision †¢Joint decision †¢Difficult – guidance †¢Little Knowledge Q3 What is the role of Marketing Communications †¢Consumer advertising oinforms about styles, arrangements oEmphasize Quality oDevelops â€Å"share of mind† †¢Company Salespeople oSell thru as much of line as possible oSell-develop rapport oTraining retail sales people – product quality %& feature oBuild enthusiasm w/ RSP o100% sales time †¢Trade Advertising oPoint of purchase – anything that goes on at the time of sale oBrochure take away †¢Cooperative Advertising oGiven by the retailer but funded by the manufacturing †¢Builds bond between retailer and brand Q4 Objectives for 2008 †¢Broaden advertising incl online †¢Penetrating boomer demo (Buy hi-quality) †¢Lower ad budget if possible †¢Marketing many lines †¢Broaden full line penetration †¢More galleries †¢Reach consumers at critical decision points Q5 How might objectives be translated into budge? †¢Sales Increase oLast Year 75 M * 1.04% = $78000000 oSales person option $135000 (SALES) o5% of 78000000 = †¢3900000 †¢3675000 †¢225000 o1% = 780000 (AGENCY) †¢562000 †¢218000

Risk Management And Derivatives Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1480 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Dynamic asset allocation strategies are used by investors to hedge and insure their portfolio and thus, reduce their risk exposure. Each change in the value of assets in the portfolio will require from the investors to rebalance the asset allocation in order to keep the risk exposure constant. (Perold and Sharpe, 1995) In the European market, buying a put that we will exercise in order to make up for any decrease in the portfolio value is the most common method to hedge a portfolio. However, as European options are not available on listed exchanges in the U.S, investors have to find another way to insure their investments. A popular way to do so is to follow a dynamic asset allocation strategy. The most common one are: Buy-and-Hold strategies, Constant-Mix strategies, Constant-proportion portfolio insurance and Option-based portfolio insurance. Though, other authors identify different strategies that are not considered as being dynamic strategies. For exampl e: the Momentum strategies (Miccolis Goodman, 2012) or Stop-loss order strategies (Rubinstein, 1985). In an attempt to have a better understanding of these strategies and to be able to discuss them, the first part of this essay will be focused on the presentation of these strategies, showing their differences and similarities, while the second part will discuss the different factors that have to be taking into account when an investor choices a strategy. Different strategies to insure a portfolio When investing in US listed exchanges, investors cannot use protective put to insure their portfolio and then, they have to employ others techniques that are expected to give the same level of insurance than the traditional method. In their paper, Perold and Sharpe (1995) present and explain the main dynamic strategies that can be use on the US market. Buy-and-Hold strategy is a Do Nothing strategy because after the purchase of an initial mix of bonds and shares, this mix is he ld and does not required any rebalancing, even in the case of a change in the relative values of assets. Conversely, Constant-mix strategies are do something strategies because when the relative values change, the investor has to rebalance the portfolio in order to keep the desired mix constant. This strategy buy stocks as they fall and sell stocks as they rise. On the other hand, while constant mix strategies buy stocks as they fall, Constant-proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) sells stocks as they fall and buys stocks as they rise. The main characteristic of this strategy is to keep the exposure to equities a constant multiple of the cushion (i.e. Asset- Floor). By maintaining this risk exposure constant, CPPI has a very limited downside risk (Cont Rama, 2009). Like CPPI strategy, Option-based portfolio insurance (OBPI) strategies sell stock as they fall and buy stocks as they rise. OBPI is also characterized by the realization of the same payoff at horizon as a portfo lio composed of bills and call options would do. These dynamic strategies are opposed to other strategies that can insure portfolio too. Miccolis Goodman (2012) present an example of Dynamic Asset Allocation: Momentum-based moving average (MA) strategies could aid to reduce the risk exposure of a portfolio and thus to achieve the goals of rebalancing. They identify different approaches insight these strategies. The first one involves the comparison of the MA value with the index; when the index is above the MA, the investor stays invested in the index; if the index is below the MA, he gets out. The second one is the Moving-Average-Crossover (MAC) strategy in which the investor uses two MAs (Short-term and Long-term) and when the short-term MA is greater than the long-term MA, he invests in assets. Unlike the first two approaches, the last one looks at the trend in the MA. When it is increasing, he has to invest in the asset, otherwise, he does not. In his paper, Rubinstein (1985) opposes dynamic strategies to Stop-loss orders that are one of the simplest techniques to insured a portfolio. The probability of experiencing any losses is zero and the investor does not need to look after the stocks performance every day. However, the market price can be different from the stop price as the value of the portfolio is not completely determined by the level of the SP 50 and then the insurance is not complete. Furthermore, in order to have a perfect portfolio insurance, Stop-loss order need to have a path-dependence equal to zero. Which one is the best? While comparing these different strategies, it appears that the choice of a specific strategy will depend of the degree of fit between a strategys exposure diagram and the investors risk tolerance. (Perold Sharpe, 1995) The type of market can also influence the choice of a strategy and the above strategies do not behave the same way in a volatile and not-so-volatile market. Volatile market and thus re versals will favor strategy that buys stocks as they fall and sells them as they rise (i.e. Constant-mix strategies) because the marginal decision will be good one as investors trade in a way that take advantage of the reversals. Conversely, the CPPI will perform well in a bull market because as its buying stocks as they rise, each marginal purchase will pay off substantially. A Buy-and-Hold strategy will perform well in a flat market while both CPPI and OBPI will poorly perform. Finally, investors are likely to prefer Constant-mix strategies to Buy-and-Hold strategies when the market ends up near its starting point and vice-versa (Perold Sharpe, 1995). When comparing CPPI with the OBPI, Bertrand Prigent (2002) found that there was no dominance between these two strategies when taking the mean-variance approach. They also found that CPPI are simple and flexible strategies to insure a portfolio because all the features can be chosen according to the own investors objective (i.e. Initial cushion, floor and multiple) and that OBPI can be considered as a generalized CPPI strategy. Miccolis Goodman (2012) compare the performance of the Momentum-based moving average (MA) strategies to the Buy-and-Hold one. They found that each of these strategies has different strengths and weaknesses, but no one was perfect. In order to call off these weaknesses, they prove that an investor may possibly use several momentum strategies that could be apply under specific market condition in which they perform well. A test has been realized and the results showed that this use of several momentum strategies at a different time period following the market condition perform similarly to a Buy-and-Hold strategy. However, Miccolis Goodman (2012) also remind that MA does not replace asset allocation and rebalancing but could be useful tool to provide in and out signals in order to improve the performance of a dynamic strategy. The need for resetting the characteristics of a st rategy could also influence the choice of the investor. For example, while for the most of the dynamic strategies the resetting is not mandatory and depends on the investors aim, the OBPI has to reset these parameters at horizon. These strategies can be implemented in perpetuity but if the investors want to reset the parameters it can modify their basic characteristics and a CPPI strategy can easily become a constant-mix strategy by keeping a constant fraction of assets into the CPPI formula. Finally, investors with long time horizons usually prefer strategies that can be implemented in perpetuity (i.e. CPPI, buy-and-hold and constant-mix approaches) (Perold and Sharpe, 1995). Rubinstein (1985) states that when investors are looking to replicate a protective put, they are likely to favor other dynamic strategies than the Stop-loss order because they insure almost perfectly the portfolio while the Stop-loss order strategies suffer from extreme path-dependence. Finally, the choi ce of a strategy will depend of the investors preferences and of the market conditions. Conclusion When investors want to insure their portfolio in order to reduce their risk exposure, different options can be chosen. Stop-loss orders are one of the simplest techniques to insured a portfolio but the investors could also choice to apply one of the traditional dynamic asset allocation strategy: Buy-and-Hold strategies, Constant-Mix strategies, Constant-proportion portfolio insurance and Option-based portfolio insurance. It is not possible to say that one strategy is best for an investor and his choice will depend of his risk profile and of the market characteristics. However, Perold and Sharpe (1995) argue that the only strategy that all investors can apply is the Buy-and-Hold strategy because of its simplicity. An investor that has zero tolerance for risk is likely to apply a Buy-and-Hold strategy or a CPPI strategy while the tolerance for risk with an OBPI strategy will var y according to the investors wealth. Moreover, these strategies do not perform the same way under different market conditions and an investor has to take into account these differences if he wants to have an efficient strategy. The choice of a strategy will then depend of how much risk and/or reward an investor is willing to bear. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management And Derivatives Finance Essay" essay for you Create order